Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy    CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. List & describe the ten characteristics of life
2. Discuss the five requirements of organisms
3. What is homeostasis & how does it act?
4. Name the organ systems within the following:

     A. Body covering

     B. Support & movement

     C.  Integration & coordination

     D.  Transport

     E.  Absorption & excretion

             F. Reproduction

Chapter I Labs

Lab 1 Complete the chart & study images   (http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm)

 Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life

CHAPTER OUTLINE

Table 2.5 p. 45 Organic compounds of cells   Know chart for testing

1. What is the most abundant compound in cells and why is it important?
2. List the four most abundant elements in the human body.
3. Describe the major parts of an atom. What electrical charge do they have?
4. Distinguish between an ionic bond and a covalent bond.
5. Explain what the formula C6H12O6 means.
6. Describe 3 major types of chemical reactions.
7. Describe the roles water and oxygen play in the human body.
8. Describe the general characteristics of carbohydrates.
9. Define triglyceride.
10. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
11. Describe the general characteristics of protein.
12. Explain the major functions of nucleic acids.

Chapter 3: Cells  CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. Faulty ion channels cause what inherited diseases (p. 54)
2. Name the 5 characteristics that cancers share. (p. 67)
3. Know figure 3.21 (p. 68)
4. Why is it important that the division of nuclear materials during mitosis be precise?
5. Describe the events that occur during mitosis
6. Name the process by which some cells become muscle cells and others become nerve cells.
7. How is cell death a normal part of development?
8. Name the two types of cell division

 Chapter 3 Labs 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5

Lab 2A. Draw & Label the parts of a cell

Lab 2B. Complete chart on functions of cell parts

Tour  http://www.cellsalive.com and click on the following and complete the chart: 

Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism  CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. Describe the 2 metabolic reactions
2. What controls metabolic reactions
3. Compare DNA & RNA Molecules
4. What happens when a DNA molecule replicates
5. What is protein synthesis
6. What is a metabolic pathway
7. How does DNA encode genetic information?
8. Explain why a new cell requires a copy of the parent cell’s genetic information

Chapter 5: Tissues  CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. List the four major tissue types and provide examples of where each occurs in the body.
2. Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue.
3. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found.
4. Explain how glands are classified.
5. List the 3 major types of connective tissues with the body & function
6. Describe the general cellular components, structures, fibers, and matrix of each type of connective tissue.
7.  Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue.
8. Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues.

Define Terms:

1. tissues
2. epithelial tissues
3. cartilage
4. bone
5. blood
6. gland
7. mucus
8. matrix

Chapter 5 Labs Exercises 6 & & 7

Lab 6. Identify the 4 types of tissues:  http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/start_histology.html

Lab 7. Examination of tissue types    http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/ttypes.html

Chapter 6: Skin & the Integumentary System CHAPTER OUTLINES

Define key terms

1.  cutaneous membtrane

2.  dermis

3.  epidermis

4.  hair follicle

5.  integumentary

6.  keratinization

7.  melanin

8.  muscus membrance

9.  sebaceous gland

10.  serous membrane

11.  subcutaneous layer

12.  sweat gland

13.  synovial membrane 

QUESTIONS

1.   List six functions of skin

2.  Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis

3.  List three factors that affect skin color.

4.  Describe how nails are formed.

5.  Explain how body heat is produced.

6.  Explain how sweat glands help regulate body temperature.

7.  Describe the body’s responses to decreasing body temperature.

         8.  Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.

 Chapter 6 Skin Labs 8,9,10

Lab 8. Draw & label skin layers http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/skin/label/label.shtml

Lab 9. Skin Cancer Quiz http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_7_1x_Take_the_Sun_Safety_Quiz.asp

Lab 10. Skin Layer Diagram Quiz

Chapter 7: Skeletal System CHAPTER OUTLINES

Organization p. 169

Figure 7.7 p. 140 Label the major bones of the skeleton (memorize)

Figure 7.15: vertebral column

Figure 7.20 Pectoral girdle

Figure 7.19: thoracic cage

Figure 7.25: right hand  (memorize)

Figure 7.13: right foot

1. Label the parts of a long bone (memorize)
2. List & describe three major functions of bones.
3. How do bones form?
4. Describe the development of an intramembranous bone.
5. Describe the axial & appendicular portions of the skeleton
6. What does the skull consist of?
7. What is the Vertebral Column?
8. What is the Thoracic Cage?
9. What is the Pectoral Girdle?
10. What is the Upper Limb?
11. What is the Pelvic Girdle?
12. What is the Lower Limb?
13. Describe the characteristics of the three major types of joints .
14. List six types of synovial joints and their locations.
15. Describe the types of movements possible at synovial joints.
16. What is Osteoporosis?

Chapter 7 Skeletal System Labs Exercises 11A, 11B,

Lab 11A.. What are the features & functions of individual bones? Complete chart. http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Lab 11B. Visit http://medtropolis.com/VBody.asp Virtual Body The Human Skeleton. Build a Skeleton http://medtropolis.com/VBody.asp (print out)  

.  

Chapter 8: Muscular System  CHAPTER OUTLINES

Genetics: p. 191, Organization p. 208

Define key terms

1. actin
2. antagonist
3. aponeurosis
4. fascia
5. insertion
6. motor neuron
7. motor unit
8. muscle impulse
9. myofibril
10. myosis
11. orgin
12. oxygen debt
13. prime mover
14. recruitment
15. sarcomere
16. synergist
17. threshold stimulus

QUESTIONS

1. Name and describe the three types of muscles and their actions.
2. What is the structure of a skeletal muscle?
3. Name the 6 muscular responses
4. Name the 12 major skeletal muscles
5. Describe how muscles obtain oxygen.
6. Explain how muscles may become fatigued.
7. Define threshold stimulus.
8. Explain an all-or-none response
9. What are the dangers of steroid use?
10. What is the difference between slow fibers and fast fibers?
11. How is muscle tone maintained?
12. Name & describe 3 diseases of muscle.
13. Where is the gluteus maximus?
14. Where is the deltoid?
15. Where is the pectoralis major?
16. List the 6 muscles of facial expression and their action.
17. List the three muscles that move the head.

 Chapter 8 Muscular System Labs Exercises 12, 13

Lab12. Complete the following chart of muscles from an interactive site (http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Chapter 9 Nervous System

CHAPTER OUTLINES

Organization p. 255

Define key terms

1. action potential
2. autonomic nervous system
3. axon
4. central nervous system
5. convergence
6. dendrite
7. divergence
8. effector
9. facilitation
10. ganglion
11. meninges
12. myelin
13. neurilemma
14. neurotransmitter
15. Nissl body
16. parasympathetic nervous system
17. peripheral nervous system
18. plexus
19. reflex behavior
20. sensory receptor
21. somatic nervous system
22. sympathetic nervous system
23. synapse

QUESTIONS

1. List the general functions of the nervous system.
2. Describe a neuron.
3. List & describe the 3 types of neurons.                On the basis of structure
4. List ^ describe the 3 types of neurons on the basis of functional differences.
5. What is a nerve
6. List & describe the 3 types of nerves.
7. What is the spinal cord?
8. What is the structure of the spinal cord?
9. What are the two major functions of the spinal cord?
10. List & describe the 3 major portions of the brain & their functions.

Describe how portions of the central nervous system control autonomic activities

Chapter 9 Nervous System Labs 13, 14, 15

Lab 13. Review the parts of the nervous system. What is the overall function of the nervous system? (http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html)

Lab14. Draw & label the parts of the brain (know the function of each) http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/label/lateralbrain/label.shtml

Lab 15. Quiz on parts of brain

Chapter 10: Somatic & Special Senses

CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. List five groups of sensory receptors
2. Define sensory adaptation and provide an example
3. Define referred pain and provide an example.
4. Explain why pain may be referred.
5. Describe the olfactory organs and their functions.
6. Explain how salivary glands aid the function of taste receptors.
7. Distinguish amoung the external, middle and inner ears.

Chapter 10 Somatic & Special Senses Lab Exercise  16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

Lab 16. Draw & label diagram of ear   http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/ear/label/label.shtml

Lab 17. How do we hear?     http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/ear/  Click on Ear Pages for video

Lab 18. Quiz on diagram of ear

Lab 19. How do we see?

Lab 20. Draw and label the eye  http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/eye/label/labeleye.shtml

Lab 21. Quiz on parts of eye

Chapter 11: Endocrine SystemCHAPTER OUTLINES

Organization p.316

QUESTIONS

1. What is the endocrine system?
2. What are the general characteristics of the endocrine system?
3. Label the major endocrine glands.
4. What is a hormone?
5. How does a steroid hormone promote cellular changes? A nonsteroid hormone?
6. What is a negative feedback system?
7. Explain 3 mechanisms that help control hormonal secretions.
8. What is the pituitary gland and what does it do?
9. What is the thyroid gland, what does it do and where is it located?
10. What are adrenal glands, what do they do and where are they located?
11. What is the pancreas, what does it do and where is it located?
12. What is the function of insulin?
13. What reproductive organs secrete hormones?
14. What is stress?
15. Describe physical stress.
16. Describe psychological stress.
17. Describe the general stress syndrome.
18. What is melatonin?

Chapter 11 Endocrine System Labs 22, 23

Lab 22. Complete the Chart     http://www.endocrineweb.com/whatisendo.html

Lab 23. Complete chart of  4 common endocrine gland disorders and their treatment.  http://www.endocrineweb.com/

  End of 1st Semester

     Study Guide

1.      Chapters 1, 3, 5-11

2.      Labs 1-23

3.      Chapter outlines

4.      Vocabulary terms

5.      Chapter questions

6.      Chapter Study Questions

7.      Chapter tests

Chapter 12: Blood   CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. Define terms p. 321
2. List the major components of blood.
3. Describe a red blood cell
4. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
5. Explain how vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies affect red blood cell production.
6. What is the main concern when blood is transfused from one individual to another?
7. Why is a type AB person called a universal recipient?
8. Why is a type O person called a universal donor?
9. What is heomostasis?
10. How do blood clots form?
11. What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
12. Name  & describe the blood types
13. What is blood plasma?
14. Explain how blood vessel spasms are stimulated following an injury?
15. Explain the significance of white blood cell counts as aids to diagnosing diseases.
16. What is your blood type?

Chpater 12 Blood Lab Exercise 24A & 24B

Lab 24A. http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/index.html People with blood group ______ are called "universal donors" and people with blood group ___ are called "universal receivers."     Complete the chart.

Lab 24B. Blood Typing Game  ( Make sure you read How to play » before you play the game)                 http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/index.html  What was your evaluation message at the end of the game?

Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System    CHAPTER OUTLINES

1. Define terms p. 344
2. What does the cardiovascular system do?
3. Label the parts of the heart.
4. What is mitral valve prolapse?
5. What is the cardiac cycle?
6. What are heart sounds?
7. What do blood vessels do?
8. Distinguish between and artery and an arteriole.
9. Describe the structure and function of a capillary.
10. Distinguish between a venule and a vein.
11. Explain how veins function as blood reservoirs.
12. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
13. Name several factors that influence blood pressure.
14. Describe the control of blood pressure.
15. Trace the path of blood through the pulmonary circuit.
16. Describe the aorta and name its principal branches.
17. Name the major branches of the External and Internal Carotid Arteries
18. Name the principal branches of the aorta.
19. How is exercise important to the cardiovascular system?
20. What is atherosclerosis, causes and prevention?
21. What is an electrocardiogram?

Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System Labs 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Lab 25.  Trace blood flow through an animated heart at various rates. Take an animated tour of the heart. http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html.  What is a pacemaker?

Lab 26. Draw and label heart structure. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/heart/labelinterior/label.shtml

Lab 27. Heart Quiz

Lab 28 .  http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/monitor/heartbeat.html

Lab 29. What is the purpose of stress electrocardiography and stress electrocardiography? http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/monitor/ekg.html & http://sln2.fi.edu/biosci/monitor/ekg.html

Lab 30: http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

1. What is the difference between a vein & an artery

2.Complete chart

.

Chapter 14: Lymphatic System & Immunity CHAPTER OUTLINES

Topic of Interest: Immunity Breakdown: AIDS p. 400

Organization p. 404

1. Define terms p. 383
2. What are the general functions of the lymphatic system?
3. Distinguish between the thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct.
4. What factors promote lymph flow?
5. What is the consequence of lymphatic obstruction?
6. What are the major functions of the lymph nodes?
7. Why are the thymus and spleen considered to be organs of the lymphatic system?
8. What is an infection?
9. Explain 6 nonspecific defense mechanisms.
10. What is immunity?
11. How to T cells and B cells originate?
12. In what general ways do antibodies function?
13. How do primary & secondary immune responses differ?
14. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
15. How is an allergic reaction similar to yet different from an immune reaction?
16. How is tissue rejection reaction an immune response?
17. Explain how the lymphatic system is related to the cardiovascular system
18. Describe the structure & function of the spleen
19. Describe the structure and functions of the thymus
20. Distinguish between an antigen and an antibody.
21. Explain how a vaccine produces its effect.
22. Explain the relationship between tissue rejection and an immune response.

Chapter 14 Lymphatic System Labs 31A & 31B

Lab 31A. Locate the six major areas of lymph nodes and label the components of the lymphatic system.

http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Lab 31B. Immune System http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/immunity/immune-overview.html

Immune System Defender Game http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/immunity/

Chapter 15 Digestion & Nutrition CHAPTER OUTLINES

Figure 15.5   Label parts of mouth

Figure 15.8    Label teeth

Figure 15.11  Label major regions of the stomach

Organization p. 446

Definitions & Questions

1. Define key terms (p. 411)
2. Describe the general functions of the digestive system
3. Name & describe the locations and major parts of the organs of the digestive system.
4. Describe the structure of the alimentary canal
5. Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are mixed & moved.
6. List the enzymes the digestive organs and glands secrete and describe the function of each.
7. Describe the regulation of the digestive secretions.
8. Describe the mechanism of swallowing
9. Explain how the products of digestion are absorbed.
10. Describe the defecation reflex
11. List the major sources of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
12. Describe how cells use carbohydrates, lips and amino acids
13. List the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, and summarize the general functions of each vitamin
14. List the major minerals and summarize the general functions of each
15. Describe an adequate diet.
16. Describe the structure of a tooth.
17. Explain how a tooth is attached to the bone of the jaw
18. Which is the most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice?
19. Discuss the digestive functions of saliva.
20. List the major liver functions.

Chapter 15 Digestive System Labs 32, 33, 34

Lab 32. Summarize the functions of the organs of the digestive system.

http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Lab 33. Draw and label the parts of the digestive system http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/digestive/labeleasy/

Lab 34. Quiz on parts of the digestive system

Chapter 16 Respiratory System CHAPTER OUTLINES

Definitions and Questions

1. Define key terms (P. 452)
2. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system
3. List & describe the eight organs of the respiratory system
4. Distinguish between the upper & lower respiratory tracts.
5. Explain how the nose & nasal cavity filter incoming air
6. Distinguish between the pharynx and larynx.
7. Distinguish between the false vocal cords and the true vocal cords
8. Explain normal inspiration and forced inspiration
9. Define surface tension and explain how it aids breathing
10. Explain normal expiration and forced expiration
11. Distinguish between the vital capacity and total lung capacity.
12. Describe the location of the respiratory center and name its major components
13. Describe the control of the basic  rhythm of breathing.
14. Describe the inflation reflex.
15. Define hyperventilation and explain how it affects the respiratory center.
16. Describe how blood transports oxygen.
17. List three factors that increase release of blood oxygen.
18. Explain how the blood transports carbon dioxide.

Chapter 16 Respiratory System Labs

Lab 35A Why do you yawn, sneeze, hiccup?

Lab 35B Draw & label the parts of the respiratory system (know functions of each)

Atlas of the Body: The Respiratory System — Structure Detail / AM

35C Quiz, Parts of respiratory system

35D Chart            Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

Chapter 17: Urinary System

Laboratory Exercise 36, 37

Lab 36. What are two major functions of kidneys? http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html#

Lab 37. Draw and label the urinary system. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/urinary/label/

Lab 37B. Quiz on urinary system

For the following labs view each question's tutorials, write the questions, the choices and indicate the correct answer.

Lab 38. Kidney anatomy and function

Lab 39.Metals in the body

Lab 40.Properties of metals and health implications

Lab 41.Sources of metals in the environment

Lab 42.Types of metal toxicity

Lab 43.Target organs for metals

Lab 44.Membranes and metals

Lab 45.Metals which harm the kidneys

Chapter 18: Water, Electrolyte & Acid Base Balance CHAPTER OUTLINES

Definitions & Questions

1. Define key terms (P. 501)
2. Explain how water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent
3. Name the body fluid compartments and describe their locations.
4. List sources of normal water gain and loss.
5. Define water of metabolism
6. Explain the regulation of water intake.
7. List the most important electrolytes in body fluids.
8. Explain the regulation of electrolyte intake
9. List the routes by which electrolytes leave the body.
10. Distinguish between and acid and a base.
11. Explain how the respiratory center regulates acid=base balance
12. Explain how the kidneys regulate acid=base balance.
13. Distinguish between a chemical buffer system and a physiological buffer system.

Chapter 19: Reproduction System CHAPTER OUTLINES

Questions

1. Name the parts of the male reproductive system and describe the general functions of each part.
2. Outline the process of spermatogenesis.
3. Explain how hormones control the activities of male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics
4. Name the parts of the female reproductive system and describe the general functions of each part.
5. Outline the process of oogenesis.
6. Describe how hormones control the activities of female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics
7. List several methods of birth control and describe the relative effectiveness of each method
8. List general systems of sexually transmitted diseases.

Chapter 19: Reproduction Labs

Lab 46 Draw and label the structures of the male reproductive system. http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Lab 47 Draw and label the s.tructures of the female reproductive system. http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE